Administratively down – means shutdown command was issued on an interface
down – means either: no cable;bad cable;wrong cable pinouts;speed mismatch;neighbor device is off;error disabled by port security
Protocol Status
up – Interface is working
down – either: shutdown command issued;cable issue;speed mismatch;neigbor is off;
down(err-disabled) – port security disabled status
Interface Status
disabled – shutdown command was issued
notconnect – bad cable;speed mismatch;;no neigbor device;
connected – interface is working
err-disabled – disabled by port security
Duplex
a-half – duplex was auto negotiated
INTERFACE CODES/COUNTERS
-Seen in “show interfaces fa0/0” command
-most of these counters are seen incremented during half duplex networking although late collisions point to a duplex mismatch
Input Errors – A total of many counters, including runts, giants, no buffer, CRC, frame, overrun, and ignored counts.
Runts – frames that didn’t meet the Frame size requirements of 64 bytes + 18 byte dest MAC,source MAC,and FCS. Can be caused by collisions
Giants – Frames that exceed the max frame size of 1518 bytes including the 18 byte dest/src MACs and FCS fields
CRC – frames that don’t pass the FCS algorithm, likely cause of collisions or interference
frame – frames received that have illegal formats. ie; partial bytes. Likely cause of collisions
Packets Output – Total number of Frames that are forwarded out an interface
Output Errors – total number of frames that the port tried transmitting but for some reason had an issue
collisions – counter of all the collisions that have occurred when the interface is transmitting a frame
late collisions – collisions that happen after the 64th byte has been transmitted. Very likely pointing to duplex mismatch and would increment on the switch using half duplex
This article is a part of my CCNA course material I use for study that encompasses everything needed to know about IPV6 as a layer 3 protocol to help pass the CCNA v3 exam. It is also a final consolidation of notes on the subject with full video and lab demonstration link provided to help the reader and myself better understand the subject. This will be updated as new information is disseminated.
Why IPV6
IPV6 is the next generation protocol that solves the IPV4 exhaustion problem that is currently being held together by CIDR and NAT as discussed in the article for IPV4. IPV6 like IPV4 has a many similarities but also many new features like new address types that allow for enhanced network communication. For example IPV6 clients can auto generate a Link Local Address to begin talking to each other on the network without admin intervention. With 128bits of address equaling 7038340000000000000♠3.4×1038 (340undecillion) addresses available to ipv6 this is like giving every atom on planet earth its own ip address 3x over. Now to sum up points for knowing everything needed on the CCNA see below.
Who made it
Registration with IANA > RIR(ARIN) > ISP > Your company ——must be made before using an ipv6 routable address/subnet. It will otherwise be dropped at some point in the routing process likely by the ISP or higher authority.
Characteristics
128 bits >32 hexadecimal digits > 8 sets of 4 hex digits(quartet) > 4 bits per digit >16 bits per set
ie; 11aa.22bb.33cc.44dd.55ee.66ff.7777.8888
Rules for ease of use:
Abbreviate Leading 0s NOT trailing 0s i.e.; FE00:0000:0000:0001:0000:0000:0000:0056 = FE00:0:0:1:0:0:0:56
Abbreviate consecutive quartets of 0s with double colons but only once ie; FE00:0:0:1::56
Review of Hex Numbering
Hex Binary Hex Binary
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A(10) 1010
3 0011 B (11)1011
4 0100 C (12)1100
5 0101 D (13)1101
6 0110 E (14)1110
7 0111 F (15)1111
IPV6 Header:
4 Bytes:
version
class
flow label
payload length
next header
hop limit
32 bytes
source address – 16 bytes
destination address – 16 bytes
How it Works on Cisco Routers
When enabled on the router and on an interface (see below for commands):
enables routing of IPV6 packets
defines ipv6 prefix that will be used on that interface;
adds a connected route to the routing table when the interface is up/up
-Interfaces can have ipv6 link local and global addresses configured and in use on their interfaces with a special ipv6 enable command in the interface subcommand mode. They don’t need ipv6 enabled on the router necessarily
Dual Stack: Terminology used when routers run both ipv4 and ipv6 routing and use a separate Routing table for each
Address Types
Global Routing Prefix:
Closest thing similar to IPv4s classful networks but in this case the company is locked down to using the network mask assigned by the IPV6 authorities so there really is no classes the address block that can be assigned to a company for which can also be addressed to when reaching that company. The prefix should allow the company to basically assign as many addresses as needed and so provides for that many
ie; Host: 2001:0DB8:1111:0001:0000:0000:0000:0001/64——-this allows for 2^64 =18446744073709551616 hosts
Prefix ID: 2001:DB8:1111:1::/64-keep in mind that 16 bits are used to represent the subnet id allowing for 2^16=65536 subnets
next prefix id: 2001:DB8:1111:2::—–this will go on until the 4 hex digits all reach the max allowed 16 bits using the hex digit 15
final prefix id: 2001:DB8:1111:FFFF–
Prefix ID:(same as subnet ID)
ie; /64 is the first 16 hex characters of the 128 bit/32hex address
ie; 2000:1234:5678:9ABC::/64 is the Prefix ID of 2000:1234:5678:9ABC:1234:5678:9ABC:1111/64
Global Unicast Address:
Originally began with 2 or 3.
Any unicast addresses not specifically reserved are considered global unicast.
registered addresses with IANA that allow an organization to assign all their hosts public addresses
EUI 64: Extended unique identifier: is a method to generate a unique interface ID after custom making the prefix
-Inserts FFFE hex digits directly between the 12 hex MAC address of the interface to help make a unique 64 bit/16 hex address
-Finally the 7th bit in the new interface ID(in second hex digit) is inverted(if its 1 make 0 if its 0 make 1). Reading left to right keep in mind
-For serial interfaces without MAC addresses the router will use the MAC of the lowest numbered interface with a MAC
Unique Local Unicast Address:
Begin with FD 8bits > next 48 bits(10 hex) needs to be the global prefix(can randomly make this) > next 16 bits is the subnet field to be used >finally 64 bits for the hosts
RFC4193 requests that use of 8th bit should be 1 and so originally FC00::/7 is what IANA reserve
Assign a Global ID and Prefix ID(in this case everything is in control of the engineer except for the first 8bits which need to be FD)
Not registered and can be used any agency
like ipv4 private addresses don’t need registration
Link Local:
Begin with FE8;FE9;FEA;or;FEB
-First 10 bits need to match FE80::/10
-Next 54 bits need to be Binary 0s ie; FE80:0000:0000:0000/64
-Next 64 bits can use EUI-64 method to autogenerate; OR can be manually entered OR can use Microsofts Algorithym
Used for overhead protocols and for routing ie;NDP uses this type of address
Unicast address
Not forwarded by routers therefore only stays in the subnet locally
Also used as a next hop address by routers in the same subnet and as the default gateway for hosts
Automatically generated using EUI-64 when an interface is configured with any other ipv6 unicast address
Site Local Addresses:
No longer a part of the IPV6 standard begin with FEC;FED;FEE or FEF
Multicast Adddresses:
Configured when a corresponding protocol is enabled
Begin with:
FF02::1—-used to addres all ipv6 interfaces on the subnet
FF02::2—-used to address all ipv6 router interfaces on the subnet
FF02::5—-used to address all OSPFv3 Routers on the subnet
FF02::6—-used to address all OSPFv3 DR routers on the subnet
FF02::9—-used to address all RIPng Routers on the subnet
FF02::A—-used to address all EIGRPv6 routers on the subnet
FF02::1:2–used to address all DHCPv6 Relay agent Routers on the subnet
Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses
-first 104 bits begin with FF02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001:FF also written as FF02::1:FF
last 6 hex digits/24 bits of the ipv6 unicast address assigned to a host is filled into the last 24 bits of the address
-Some nodes might have the same adddress and overlap on this address
-All hosts listen for packets sent to this address
-Used for the reason of addressing overlapped hosts using the same solicited node address
Anycast Addresses
Begin With: These addresses can be any unicast address; Must use a host mask of /128 and are specified as anycast aaddresses in the ios
Provide a service that may be spread among different routers/devices but is used to contact the nearest device when the service is called upon by a host
Subnet Router Any Cast Addresses:
Used by routers to send packets to any other router on the subnet
contains same prefix and all binary 0s for the interface ID
Unknown/unspecified Address:
:: or all 0s
Used as the source ip address when a host doesn’t know its address ie; in the case of using dhcp
Loopback address:
::1 or 127
used to test the ipv6 stack
IOS Commands
ipv6 unicast-routing———–In Global configuration Mode; enables ipv6 packet forwarding routing —–ACTUALLY ENABLES IPV6 ROUTING without this command the router will still act as an ipv6 host for its interfaces but won’t route ipv6 packets
int <type> <#/#>————choose interface to configure and enter commands below from interface subcommand mode
ipv6 enable ———this will simply enable ipv6 on the interface and generate its link local address. Good for simple WAN link connections since they only need to use link local address to route packets across their network
ipv6 address 2001:0db8:1111:0002:0000:0000:0000:0001/64——-example Ipv6 address completely written out
ipv6 address 2001:0:1:1::1/64—————example of an ipv6 assigned address(DONT forget the double colon syntax at the end of every address;;;Also feel free to remove leading 0s). This will also automatically assign a link local address
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:1111:1::/64 eui-64——example of using the eui method which takes the MAC and insert FFFE in the middle and inverts 7th bit to create the 64 bit host ID
ipv6 address <address> link-local ——manually assigning the link local address
